In light of the recent participation of representatives of the United Nations (UN) present in Venezuela in acts related to the political situation, on January 10 and 12, 2019, and aiming at the generation of conditions conducive to the urgent and necessary access to plans and mechanisms of international humanitarian assistance and cooperation in the dimensions and scope required to guarantee the protection of human rights of the Venezuelan population, in a credible, coherent, effective and transparent manner, the undersigned civil society organizations publicly state:

1. Since 2015, Venezuelan civil society has made a sustained effort to alert, based on evidence, on the severe, urgent and large-scale complex humanitarian emergency affecting Venezuela, generated by government policies aimed at the dismantling of the Rule of Law and the democratic order, the destruction of the economic and institutional capabilities of the country, depriving millions of Venezuelans of essential goods and services, and the use of coercion and violence by state means against those who question or oppose such policies. All this has taken place at the cost of extensive and profound suffering and damage to the Venezuelan population, in response to which the government has ignored and criminalized the right to cooperation and international humanitarian assistance, demanded by the people affected, civil society organizations, the National Assembly, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Committees of International Treaty Bodies and Special Rapporteurs of the Universal System for Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the OAS, the European Union, Mercosur and countries of different
2. In spite of the humanitarian emergency and the multiple violations of human rights, until 2016 most of the UN agencies in Venezuela remained silent, hid information and decided to accept the restrictions and conditions imposed by the Venezuelan government on the implementation of cooperation programs, underestimating or not taking into account denunciations, reports, and the evident economic and social deterioration of the country, alleging limitations due to the lack of official data and their need to abide by the framework of UN cooperation underway, agreed with the government . This was denounced by 82 organizations in a public letter of June 2016 to the then Secretary General of the United Nations, Bank Ki-Moon1, as lack of compliance by the agencies to the norms of the United Nations included in the “Rights Up Front” guidelines2. According to them, all agencies have responsibilities for the protection of human rights and must inform in a timely manner about their violations, above the interests of the If they had done so, they could have helped avoid the advance of the emergency and prevent its threats to the life and well-being of the population. In August 2016, Ban Ki-Moon described the situation in Venezuela as “a humanitarian crisis created by political instability”3. However, omissions, complacency and inaction of some agencies remained into 2018.
3. As a result of the above, the emergency was even more serious in regards to the rights to health, food, environment, education, work and income, personal security and access to basic services (water, electricity, gas, telecommunications and public transport), combined with severe restrictions on democratic freedoms and rights under a permanent State of Exception, the disqualification of the National Assembly and the fraudulent election of a National Constituent Assembly. All this, together with the government’s refusal to recognize the humanitarian emergency and accept cooperation and international assistance and after intense peaceful protests which were strongly repressed with massive arrests, torture, extrajudicial executions and assassinations by State security forces and violent civil groups, caused in 2017 a growing forced migration of Venezuelans, and a human mobility crisis, forcing United Nations agencies and other humanitarian actors to activate border operations and to approve emergency resources in 2018, through the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) . 64% of these resources were allocated to the attention of refugees and migrants from Venezuela, in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. UNHCR had to approve new guidelines to protect Venezuelans in continuous flight from the country due to insecurity and violence, lack of food, medicines or access to essential social services and loss of income4. In addition, the Regional Platform for Inter- institutional Coordination was created between the IOM and UNHCR, which together formulated the Emergency Plan for Refugees and Migrants in Venezuela 20195. Venezuela was included for the first time in OCHA´s Global Humanitarian Plan 20196, in which Venezuelan migration appears as “the largest exodus experienced in Latin America and the Caribbean in its modern history” with more than 3.4 million refugees and migrants7.
4. However, restrictions on access to cooperation and humanitarian assistance of the United Nations continued towards Venezuela, even though in 2018 agreements were signed with WHO8, PAHO and UNICEF11 and other agencies to implement CERF funds, still inadequate and of limited effectiveness given the scale of the emergency. The emergency has never been recognized by the government and its political, economic and institutional causes have been deepened in a sustained manner, despite the fact that the Human Rights Council of the United Nations approved a resolution in September 2018, urging the government to accept humanitarian assistance to address the shortage of food, medicines and medical supplies, the increase in malnutrition and outbreaks of disease, in a context of political, economic, social and humanitarian crisis that seriously affects the human rights of the Venezuelan Population. The Resolution also urged the government to cooperate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to monitor and prepare a comprehensive report on the human rights situation in Venezuela, in accordance with its mandate to play an active role in the face of obstacles and challenges to guarantee the realization of human rights and prevent their violations12.
5. Given the extreme adversities caused by the complex humanitarian emergency, the Venezuelan population has the right to access international humanitarian cooperation and assistance, not only to meet the most urgent needs, but also to provide spaces and protection capabilities in the absence of the Rule of Law, widespread deprivation and systematic coercive practices. The United Nations has a great weight and leadership in the responses to complex humanitarian emergencies and all its officials have responsibilities with human rights in both the roles of cooperation13 as well as of humanitarian assistance14, such as the International Humanitarian Charter´s principles, given that the dignity, life, freedoms and personal integrity of people are at stake as a result of the way in which these responses are conducted. In this sense, the organization itself has pointed out that “concrete experiences have shown that the work of the United Nations on the ground has a much greater impact and a more powerful and positive legacy in the lives of people when it meets established standards in the UN Charter. Lessons from the field have also shown that failure to comply with the UN’s human rights responsibilities can seriously threaten the lives and legitimacy of the UN”15.

Given all of the above, we are deeply concerned that:

1. Peter Grohmann, UN Resident Coordinator, and representatives of UN agencies based in Venezuela attended the swearing in ceremony of Mr. Nicolás Maduro before the Supreme Court of Justice on January 10, 201916, allowing this appearance to be interpreted and promoted by the government itself as a political backing of the United Nations System to the legitimacy of that act, seriously questioned at the national and international levels, as a result of an electoral process not carried out when established by the Venezuelan Constitution , which also did not have the minimum conditions of free and fair elections, as the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights warned in a communication of January 9th, 201917. This participation seriously harms the trust and credibility by the Venezuelan population and the victims of human rights violations, since it was not essential nor a central element in the work of the United Nations, regarding dialogue with the Venezuelan authorities on cooperation and assistance, so far provided with restrictions, in addition to not being the competence of the Secretary General of the United Nations “to recognize or disregard heads of state”, as his spokesman clarified to international media18. In addition, in spite of having been invited, UN representatives where not present at the inaugural ceremony of the new National Assembly authorities, despite of the constitutional role that the Venezuelan parliament has in signing international aid and cooperation agreements.
2. Subsequently, the Resident Coordinator and representatives of UN agencies held a meeting on January 12 with Mr. Nicolás Maduro and his cabinet19, broadcast live by the official media as an act of political support to his government´s legitimacy by the United Nations System. In this meeting, although the Resident Coordinator covered points of national interest for the agenda of cooperation and humanitarian assistance in Venezuela, among them urgent issues in health, food, environment and protection, access to official data in all economic and social areas (which have not been published for more than three years), cooperation with the World Food Program and the need to work with all sectors of Venezuelan society (civil society, political sectors, employers and labor organizations). He also offered full support for the new term of presidential administration on behalf of the United Nations System, without receiving from Mr. Maduro recognition of the importance of any of these points, or the admission of the gravity of the humanitarian situation. Mr. Maduro, on the other hand, asked the United Nations to be supportive of the Plan Vuelta a la Patria (“Return to the Motherland Plan”), with which he has tried to divert the real circumstances of the human mobility crisis and forced migration in Venezuela, in a sustained increase with 5,000 daily departures until December 2018, according to UNHCR estimates20, numbers that the government had also denied. Likewise, Mr. Maduro requested support for an alleged fight against corruption and to work around the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG´s) of the 2030 Agenda, both issues in which Venezuela shows enormous setbacks due to the policies implemented and maintained by the government.
3. It is also worrying that the Resident Coordinator and the agencies present in the aforementioned acts, in addition to affecting the credibility of the international cooperation and assistance of the United Nations, also tried to commit to their agenda the work of other bodies that respond to their own independent mandates for the protection of human rights, such as the official missions to Venezuela, still undated, of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, by a Resolution of the Human Rights Council, and of the International Labor Organization (ILO). In this regard, the Resident Coordinator proposed that those missions should not only serve to make evaluations, but also to reach concrete solutions, coinciding with Mr. Maduro’s treatment of the expected purpose of these visits, whose mandate is much broader and involves gathering information with absolute freedom of action and independence.

In this regard, we urge the United Nations Resident Coordinator and all the UN agencies working in Venezuela to:

1. Comply with and enforce the mandates of the Charter of the United Nations and international treaties in the exercise of the functions of coordination and operational work carried out by cooperation agencies in Venezuela and, in the current situation of complex humanitarian emergency, to assume the imperatives of doing no harm and to act with prudence and due diligence in defense of the protection of the human rights of the entire Venezuelan population when performing their respective roles in the different fields of cooperation and humanitarian assistance, in accordance with the norms of international law. As well, to fully respect and be guided by international humanitarian principles of impartiality, neutrality, humanity and independence, which includes abstaining from collaborating in the implementation of coercive, discretional and discriminatory practices in areas of cooperation and humanitarian assistance, in compliance with international human rights
2. Separate the work of cooperation and humanitarian assistance of the United Nations from the diplomatic or political functions and procedures carried out by the Resident Coordinator, taking into account the lessons of negative experiences due to the inadequate behavior of agencies´ officials in complex emergencies, including the one that occurred recently in Venezuela, when the visit by a Special Procedure representative invited by the government was manipulated to try to silence, demoralize and cause hopelessness among millions of affected

3. Ensure that qualified agencies with a specific mandate are the ones that assume the leading role of assistance and cooperation, as well as the implementation of the Humanitarian Country Mechanism for Aid Coordination, with broad participation of all sectors of Venezuelan society, from all regions of the country, according to humanitarian mandates, and receive complaints directly and freely, as well as evidences of the humanitarian emergency and human rights violations. This is the only means to identify gaps, obstacles and more appropriate and effective ways to bring assistance to the most vulnerable and at-risk populations, as well as to monitor and evaluate their effectiveness, regardless of whether the information is politically sensitive or affects government´s lives are lost and other irreparable damages are suffered with each passing day. The deterioration of the living conditions of the population in Venezuela and the severity and speed of the damage, cannot be concealed and will have serious consequences for future Venezuelans generations. Civil society organizations have the capacities and the commitment to contribute to the humanitarian response needed to stop these damages. However, the UN agencies have an essential, inescapable, imperative and urgent responsibility for comprehensive action and coordination, which cannot be subordinated to interests other than human rights and the dignified life of the Venezuelan population. Without them, it is not possible to speak of Sustainable Development Goals or other agendas or cooperation plans.

 

1. A María Estrella de la Mañana
2. C Banco del Libro
3. C. EDEPA
4. C. Las Brisas siempre Brisas
5. C. MÉDICOS UNIDOS DE VENEZUELA
6. ABAN Associação Beneficente Amigos do Noivo
7. Acceso a la Justicia
8. Acción Solidaria
9. ACCSI Acción Ciudadana Contra el SIDA
10. ACOANA
11. ACONVIDA
12. ACRN Acción Cívica por el Rescate Nacional
13. Aid For AIDS Venezuela
14. Alfa Ciudadana
15. Alianza Colectiva contra el VIH del estado Portuguesa – ACOVIH
16. Alianza Venezolana por la Salud (AVS)
17. AMAVIDA Zulia
18. Amigos Trasplantados de Venezuela
19. Asamblea de Educación
20. Asociación Civil Centro de Desarrollo Integral Sucre
21. Asociación Civil Ciudadanía Diversa (Ciudiver)
22. Asociación Civil Fuerza, Unión, Justicia, Solidaridad y Paz (FUNPAZ) Venezuela
23. Asociación Civil Impacto Social Venezuela
24. Asociación Civil Justicia y Paz OP Venezuela
25. Asociación Civil Mujeres en Línea
26. Asociación Civil Perijá
27. Asociación Civil Protegiendo y Produciendo PRO2
28. Asociación Civil Uniandes
29. Asociación Civil Yo Reumático
30. Asociación construyendo caminos de esperanza frente a la injusticia el rechazo y el olvido CCEFIRO Perú
31. Asociación de Profesores de la UCV
32. Asociación Mujer Voz y Vida
33. Asociación por la Vida / Mérida
34. Asociación Venezolana de Mujeres
35. Asociación Venezolana para la Hemofilia
36. Aula Abierta
37. AVESA Asociación Venezolana para una Educación Sexual Alternativa
38. Caleidoscopio Humano
39. Canadá Venezuela Democracy Forum
40. Cátedra de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado
41. Cátedra de la Paz/ Universidad de Los Andes
42. CECODAP
43. Cedice Libertad
44. Cendif-Unimet
45. Centro de Acción y Defensa por los Derechos Humanos – CADEF
46. Centro de Animación Juvenil
47. Centro de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (CDH-UCAB)
48. Centro de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Metropolitana
49. Centro de Documentación en Derechos Humanos “Segundo Montes Mozo J.” (CSMM)
50. Centro de Formación para la Democracia (CFD Venezuela)
51. Centro de Investigación Social, Formación y Estudios de la Mujer (CISFEM)
52. Centro de Justicia y Paz – Cepaz
53. Centro para la Paz y los DDHH UCV
54. CIES, Centro de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales
55. Civilis Derechos Humanos
56. Clima21 – Ambiente y Derechos Humanos
57. Codevida – Coalición de Organizaciones por el Derecho a la Salud y a la Vida
58. Codhez – Comisión para los Derechos Humanos del Estado Zulia
59. Comisión de Derechos Humanos de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
60. Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de la Federación de Colegios de Abogados de Venezuela – Capítulo Apure
61. Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de la Federación de Colegios de Abogados de Venezuela – Capítulo Barinas
62. Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de la Federación de Colegios de Abogados de Venezuela – Capítulo Lara
63. Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de la Federación de Colegios de Abogados de Venezuela – Capítulo Mérida

 

64. Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de la Federación de Colegios de Abogados de Venezuela – Capítulo Monagas
65. Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de la Federación de Colegios de Abogados de Venezuela – Capítulo Táchira
66. Comisión para los Derechos Humanos y la Ciudadanía – CODHECIU
67. Comité de Derechos Humanos de la Guajira
68. Comité Paz y Trabajo
69. Comité por una Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público
70. Conciencia Ciudadana C
71. Consejo Comunal TEBRIPAR
72. Control Ciudadano para la Seguridad, la defensa y la Fuerza Armada Nacional
73. Convite AC
74. Cooperativa Caribana
75. COORDINADORA NACIONAL POR LA INCLUSION SOCIAL Y LA PAZ HUBERT LANSSIERS DIRIX Peru
76. Creemos Alianza Ciudadana Libertador
77. Creemos Alianza Ciudadana Miranda
78. Creemos Alianza Ciudadana Monagas
79. Defiende Venezuela
80. El Zulia Recicla
81. Epikeia Observatorio Universitario de Derechos Humanos
82. Equilibrio Hatillano
83. Escuela de Vecinos de Venezuela
84. Espacio Humanitario
85. Espacio Público
86. EXCUBITUS DHE
87. Expresión Libre
88. Federación de Colegios de Abogados de Venezuela
89. Federación Nacional de Periodistas del Ecuador (FENAPE)
90. Federación Nacional de Sociedades de Padres y Representes – FENASOPADRES
91. Foro de la Sociedad Civil en Salud – FORO SALUD Callao
92. Foro Hatillano
93. Fraternidad Laical Dominicana de Barquisimeto Santo Domingo de Guzmán
94. Funcamama
95. Fundación Aguaclara
96. Fundación CIIDER
97. Fundación Educando País
98. Fundación grupo de Apoyo a Todo Pulmón
99. Fundación Hazlo Posible – Chile 100.Fundación Incide 101.Fundación La Era Agrícola 102.Fundación Lucelia

103.Fundación Manos Amigas por la Vida – MAVID 104.Fundación para el Debido Proceso “Fundepro”

105.Fundación para los Derechos de la Mujer Latinoamericana, Fundemul, Capitulo Venezuela. 106.Fundación Pro Bono Venezuela – ProVene

107.Fundación Reflejos de Venezuela 108.Fundación  Rehabiliarte

 

109. FUNDAMEDIOS (Ecuador)
110. Fundamujer 111.Gente y Ciudad

112.GEUCA Movimiento Ambientalista 113.Global Development One, USA 114.GobiernaTec

115.Hombres por la Igualdad y la Equidad 116.HUMAN Iberoamérica Perú 117.Humano 2.0

118.Humano Derecho 119.ICASO, Canadá 120.Incluso A.C 121.Iniciativa Por Venezuela

122.Instituto de Investigaciones de la Comunicación ININCO-UCV 123.Instituto Investigaciones Jurídicas UCAB

124. Instituto Prensa y Sociedad – IPYS
125. Instituto Venezolano de Estudios Sociales y Políticos – INVESP 126.LaboCiudadano

127.Laborarorio de Paz 128.Las Piloneras

129. Liga Merideña Contra el Sida
130. Madres y Padres por Los Niños en Venezuela (MAPANI VZLA) 131.Mater Natura ONG

132.Médicos Unidos de Venezuela Monagas 133.Monitor Social A.C. (Nueva Esparta) 134.MOVERE

135.Movimiento Ciudadano Dale Letra 136.Movimiento SOMOS 137.Movimiento Vinotinto

138. Mulier
139. Observatorio de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad de Los Andes 140.Observatorio Global de Comunicación y Democracia (OGCD) 141.Observatorio Venezolano de Conflictividad Social (OVCS) 142.Observatorio Venezolano de la Salud (OVS)

143.Observatorio Venezolano de los Derechos Humanos de las Mujeres 144.Observatorio Venezolano de Prisiones (OVP)

145.Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Vicariato Apostólico de Puerto Ayacucho 146.Organización de Mujeres Indígenas Amazónicas Wanaaleru 147.Organización Indígena Intercultural Wainjirawa

148. Organización StopVIH
149. Padres Organizados de Venezuela 150.Phynatura C.

151.Prepara Familia 152.PROADOPCION A. C.

153. Promoción Educación y Defensa en DDHH – PROMEDEHUM
154. Provea – Programa Venezolano de Educación Acción en Derechos Humanos 155.Proyecta Ciudadanía C

 

156.”Proyecto de Extensión: Visibilización y Educación de los Derechos Humanos de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Carabobo”

157. Proyecto Mujeres
158. PU – Pastoral Universitária 159.Recivex Capítulo San Francisco Bay
159. Red Andina de Derechos Humanos – RADAR
160. Red de Activistas Ciudadanos por los Derechos Humanos (REDAC) 162.Red de Organizaciones Ambientalistas de Venezuela – Red ARA 163.Red Electoral Ciudadana (REC)

164.Red Jóvenes Sembrando Esperanzas Perú 165.Red Naranja Venezuela

166.Red por los Derechos Humanos de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes (REDHNNA) 167.Red Venezolana de Gente Positiva (RVG+)

168. Redes Ayuda
169. RedOrgBaruta – Red de Organizaciones Vecinales de Baruta 170.Revista SIC del Centro Gumilla
170. SenosAyuda C
171. Investigación y Comunicación
172. SINERGIA, Red Venezolana de Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil 174.Sociedad Hominis Iura (SOHI)

175.SOSOrinoco.org 176.The arTEA Project 177.Transparencia Venezuela 178.Un Mundo Sin Mordaza

179.Una Ventana a la Libertad 180.Unidad Democrática San Francisco 181.Unidos X Baruta

182. Unión Afirmativa de Venezuela
183. Unión Vecinal para la Participación Ciudadana C 184.Vecinos por Venezuela
184. VeneBayArea
185. Venezolanos del Área de la Bahía de San Francisco 187.Venezuelans and Immigrants Aid (VIA) 188.VenMundo – Boston

1 Silence of UN Agencies in Venezuela affects the health, access to food and dignity of the most vulnerable. Available in: http://www.examenonuvenezuela.com/sin-categoria/el-silencio-de-agencias-de-la-onu-en-venezuela-afecta-la-salud-alimentacion-y-dignidad-de-las- personas-mas-vulnerables

2 Human Right up Front. Available in: https://stories.undp.org/putting-human-rights-up-front

3 Ban Ki-moon: “There is a humanitarian crisis in Venezuela”. Diario La Nación, 10.08.2016. In: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1926563-ban-ki-moon- en-venezuela-hay-una-crisis-humanitaria

4 UNHCR New Protection Guidelines in light of Venezuelan´s migration through Latin America. Available in: https://www.acnur.org/noticias/briefing/2018/3/5af2e9345/mientras-los-venezolanos-huyen-por-america-latina-acnur-emite-nueva-guia-de- proteccion.html

5 Regional refugee and migrant response plan for Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela January – December 2019. Available in: https://s3.amazonaws.com/unhcrsharedmedia/2018/RMRP_Venezuela_2019_OnlineVersion.pdf

6 Global Humanitarian Overview 2019. Available in: https://www.unocha.org/global-humanitarian-overview-2019

7 The number of Venezuelan migrants and refugees reaches 3 million. Available in: https://www.acnur.org/noticias/press/2018/11/5be443b54/la- cifra-de-personas-refugiadas-e-inmigrantes-venezolanas-alcanza-los-3.html

8 PAHO response to maintain an effective technical cooperation agenda in Venezuela and in neighboring member states. Document presented to the Executive Committee of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) at its Session 162 of June 20, 2018. Point 7.2.2. CE162 / INF / 22. Available in: https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14263%3A162th-session-executive- committee&catid=1258%3Aexecutive-committee&Itemid=40453&lang=es

9 Global Fund approves financing to respond to the health crisis in Venezuela. In: https://www.accsi.org.ve/noticias/2830.html

10 Master Plan for the strengthening of the response to HIV, tuberculosis and malaria in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from a public health perspective. Available in: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Plan%20Maestro_VIH_TB%20MAL%202018%20VEN.PDF

11 The Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and UNICEF strengthen their cooperation to address the challenges facing the most vulnerable children. Available in: https://www.unicef.org/venezuela/spanish/media_38987.html

12 Resolution of the Human Rights Council. Thirty-ninth session September 10-28, 2018 Agenda item 2. 39 / … Promotion and protection of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Available in: http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/S/HRC/d_res_dec/A_HRC_39_L1_rev1.pdf

13 HUMAN RIGHTS for Resident Coordinators and UN Country Teams. Available in: https://undg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UNDG-Guidance- Note-on-Human-Rights-for-RCs-and-UNCTs-final.pdf

14 Guiding notes on human rights for humanitarian coordinators. IASC, 2006. In: https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/legacy_files/IASC%20HR%20guidance%20note%20for%20HCs%20Final%20June%202006.pdf  15 HUMAN RIGHTS for Resident Coordinators and UN Country Teams. Disponible en: https://undg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UNDG- Guidance-Note-on-Human-Rights-for-RCs-and-UNCTs-fi nal.pdf

16 Nicolás Maduro´s swearing in as President for 2019-2025. Video available in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O95cA_Xppso

17 IACHR: Before the assumption of a new presidential mandate, the IACHR warns of the deepening of erosion of the rule of law in Venezuela. Available in: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2019/005.asp

18 Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. 10 January, 2019. Available in: https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/db190110.doc.htm

19 Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro meets with United Nations, 12 January, 2019. Video available in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EPyvQAj3HA

20 Aumenta la salida de venezolanos de su país. 11 de enero de 2019. Disponible en: https://news.un.org/es/story/2019/01/1449212